Measurement technology glossary

A 2-point internal micrometer is a precision measuring instrument for determining the inside diameter of bores. It has two opposing measuring surfaces that are adjusted by a fine-thread spindle. The measurement This is achieved by pressing the two contact surfaces against the inner wall of the bore. It is particularly suitable for straight and parallel inner surfaces, but is sensitive to shape deviations such as ovality.

A 3-point internal micrometer is a high-precision internal measuring device with three symmetrically arranged styli. These ensure self-centering measurements in bores. It offers high measuring accuracy. and is less susceptible to measurement errors due to ovality than a 2-point internal micrometer. It is often used for high-precision cylindrical bores.

The lift-off of a dial indicator refers to the mechanism or device that lifts the quill of the indicator from the surface of the object to be measured in order to avoid false deflections or measurement errors.

Indicates the accuracy with which a scale or measuring device can display values. It determines the smallest discernible change in a measured value (e.g., 0.01 mm for a digital caliper).

Absolute measurement is a measurement method that directly determines the actual value of a length, angle, or other physical quantity. This differs from comparative measurement, which a difference to a reference value is determined. Digital measuring instruments with an absolute measuring system store the zero point, eliminating the need to reset the instrument every time the instrument is switched on.

Scribing is a method of marking workpieces by scratching lines or dots with a scribing tool. These lines serve as a guide for subsequent processing steps such as drilling, milling or sawing. Marking is done using a scriber or a scriber, for example.

A caliper with a marking function, additionally equipped with a hard marking tip. It is used to mark dimensions directly on the workpiece, often in metalworking or toolmaking.

The working distance of a microscope is the distance between the bottom of the objective lens and the surface of the object being examined when the image is in focus. A longer working distance makes handling easier. of the object and allows additional editing or manipulation during viewing.

Incident light is an illumination method in microscopy and measurement technology in which the light is directed from above onto the object to be examined. This technique is used primarily for opaque or reflective materials are used to make surface structures and details visible.

The field of view describes the area of an object that is visible through an optical system, such as a microscope or a camera. It is usually expressed as a diameter or area and determines how large the viewed section of an object.

An outside micrometer, also called a micrometer, is a high-precision length measuring instrument for determining external dimensions. It consists of a C-shaped frame, a fixed and a movable measuring surface, and a Fine-thread spindle with scale. By turning the spindle, the object to be measured is clamped between the measuring surfaces. Readings are made via a scale or a digital display. Micrometers enable measurements with an accuracy of 0.001 mm.

The German Accreditation Body (DAkkS) is the national accreditation authority in Germany. It verifies and confirms the competence of testing and calibration laboratories as well as inspection and Certification bodies. DAkkS-accredited calibrations ensure the highest measurement accuracy and international recognition.

A measuring device for determining material or wall thicknesses. It can be mechanical (e.g., with a dial indicator) or digital and is used for foils, sheet metal, paper, or plastic parts.

The DIN standard is a standardized set of rules from the German Institute for Standardization (DIN). These standards define technical specifications, quality standards, and safety requirements for various products, DIN standards are widely used in industry, technology, and metrology.

Diopter adjustment is an adjustment on optical devices such as microscopes that allows the user to correct differences in visual acuity between both eyes. This ensures a sharp, enables fatigue-free vision without additional visual aids.

Transmitted light is an illumination method in microscopy in which the light is passed from below through a transparent or thin object. This technique is mainly used for biological and microscopic small samples are used to make fine structures and contrasts visible.

Flatness describes how precisely a surface deviates from an ideal, perfect plane. It is defined as the maximum distance between the highest and lowest points of a surface. In metrology, Flatness is often checked using measuring plates or special measuring devices, whereby deviations in the micrometer range can be determined.

A special micrometer screw that is permanently integrated into machines or measuring devices to perform continuous or repeatable measurements. It is often used in series production.

A setting gauge is a high-precision reference gauge used for adjusting, calibrating, and checking measuring instruments such as calipers, internal micrometers, or micrometers. It serves as an exact Comparison value to ensure measurement accuracy.

A setting ring is a calibrated, round test piece with a precisely defined inner diameter. It is used, for example, for checking and calibrating internal measuring instruments, such as 2-point or 3-point internal micrometers. The adjustment ring ensures that the measuring device operates within the specified tolerances.

A gauge block is a high-precision measuring body made of hardened steel, ceramic, or carbide with parallel measuring surfaces and a precisely defined length. It serves as a reference for calibration and adjustment. of measuring instruments and for direct length measurement in production metrology. Gauge blocks can be stacked by adhesion forces to form different gauges.

The fine adjustment is an additional mechanism on measuring instruments such as calipers or height gauges, which enables particularly precise and smooth adjustment of the measuring slide or the measuring tip. It allows precise position changes in small steps and improves measurement accuracy.

A fine thread is a type of screw thread with a smaller pitch than a standard thread. It allows for finer adjustment, greater strength, and better self-locking.

A precision measuring table is a high-precision measuring device with an extremely flat and stable work surface. It serves as a basis for measuring tasks with dial indicators, height gauges, or coordinate measuring machines. Often It is made of granite or hardened steel and offers low-vibration and temperature-stable conditions for highly accurate measurements.

A form gauge is a measuring and testing device for checking specific shapes and profiles of a workpiece. It is used to detect deviations from a desired contour. Form gauges can be fixed templates, These can be profile gauges or adjustable systems and are often used in quality assurance.

A feeler gauge is a measuring tool used to determine gaps, distances, or tolerances. It consists of several thin, precision-ground metal blades of various thicknesses, which can be used individually or in Combinations can be used for measurement. Typical applications include testing valve clearance, fits, and bearing clearance.

A particularly sensitive measuring instrument with a movable probe lever that detects the smallest irregularities or dimensional deviations. It is suitable for measurements in hard-to-reach places and is often used in Precision mechanics and quality assurance.

An articulated stand is a flexible mount with multiple adjustable joints used for positioning dial indicators, dial test indicators, or other measuring instruments. It enables stable and precise Alignment of the measuring instruments to the test object and is often used with a magnetic base for fixation.

The accuracy class indicates the precision with which a measuring instrument was manufactured. Different classes are defined for gauge blocks and other precision measuring tools:
Class 0 – High precision for calibration laboratories
Class 1 – Precision measurements in industry
Class 2 – Workshop use with slightly lower accuracy.
The lower the number, the higher the precision and the lower the permissible tolerance.

Straightness describes how much a line or edge deviates from an ideal straight line. It is one of the form deviations according to the Geometric Product Specification (GPS) and is often measured using dial indicators, Checked using measuring rails or optical methods.

A thread plug gauge is a testing tool for checking the internal thread of a workpiece. It consists of a "go" side (which must pass the thread without difficulty) and a "no go" side (which must not pass through). to check whether the internal thread meets the required tolerances. Thread plug gauges are manufactured according to standards and are essential for thread quality assurance.

A thread ring gauge is a measuring device for checking external threads on screws or bolts. It consists of a precision-machined internal thread hole and is used in two versions:
Go ring gauge: Must screw easily onto the external thread.
No-go ring gauge: Must not be able to be turned completely onto the external thread.
This test ensures that the external thread is within the specified tolerances.

A protractor is a simple measuring instrument for determining and verifying angles. It is usually used in the form of a simple semicircle.

A limit plug gauge is a measuring and testing device for checking bores or internal fits. It has two sides:
Go side: Must fit into the hole if it is machined correctly.
Reject side (“No-Go”): Must not fit into the hole.
This principle allows you to quickly check whether a hole is within the permissible tolerance.

A straight edge is a high-precision measuring device for checking the flatness of surfaces using the light gap method. It is made of hardened steel or carbide and has an extremely fine, ground edge. When placed on a surface, the resulting light gap indicates any unevenness or waviness.

Hardness refers to the resistance of a material to mechanical penetration or deformation. It is determined using various testing methods, each of which uses its own units:
Brinell (HBW) – for soft to medium-hard metals (e.g. aluminum, copper)
Rockwell (HRC, HRB, HRF, etc.) – for metallic materials, depending on the scale
Vickers (HV) – for very hard materials, often used in micro-hardness testing
Mohs hardness – scale from 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond), often for minerals
Shore (A, D) – for plastics and rubber

Hard metal is an extremely hard material consisting of metallic hard materials (usually tungsten carbide, WC) and a binder (usually cobalt, Co). It is characterized by high wear resistance, Temperature resistance and compressive strength. Tungsten carbide is often used for cutting tools, drills, milling cutters, and precision measuring tools.

A height measuring and marking device, also called a height scriber, is a measuring tool for determining heights and for precisely marking workpieces. It consists of a base plate, a vertical scale or digital measuring unit and an adjustable measuring or marking pin. The measuring accuracy is usually in the range of 0.01 mm.

The imperial system of units is an Anglo-American system of measurement used primarily in the United States and Great Britain. It is based on units such as inches, feet, yards, and miles for length measurements. as well as pounds and ounces for weight measurements. Unlike the metric system, it is not based on powers of ten, but rather on specific conversion factors (e.g., 1 inch = 25.4 mm).

The internal precision measuring instrument is a comparative measuring device for measuring internal dimensions, usually bore diameters. It consists of a measuring head and a shaft, at the end of which the dial indicator is clamped. On one side of the A fixed measuring stop is mounted on the measuring head. This can be exchanged, thus adjusting the measuring range of the device. This allows large measuring ranges to be covered. Opposite is a A movable measuring pin whose movement is transferred to a rod in the shaft and thus to the measuring pin of the dial indicator. Read general instructions for using the internal precision measuring instrument here.

An ISO standard is an international guideline issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that establishes standards for products, processes, and services. These standards ensure uniform quality and safety standards worldwide and are used in many areas of industry, metrology and manufacturing (e.g. ISO 9001 for quality management or ISO 10360 for Coordinate measuring machines).

Calibration is the process of comparing a measuring instrument with a known reference standard to verify its accuracy. This does not involve any adjustment or correction to the measuring instrument, but rather Deviations were detected. Calibrations are essential for quality assurance in measurement technology and for companies to ensure consistent product quality.

Ceramic is an inorganic, non-metallic material that is hardened by firing at high temperatures. It is characterized by high hardness, temperature resistance, wear resistance and Corrosion resistance. In metrology, ceramic is often used for measuring plates and gauge blocks because it is dimensionally stable and insensitive to temperature fluctuations.

Laser engraving is a non-contact labeling and marking process in which a laser beam vaporizes or alters material through targeted heating. It enables permanent, high-precision engravings on Metals, plastics, ceramics or glass and is used, for example, to mark measuring instruments, nameplates or components.

An alloy is a metal mixture consisting of at least two elements, one of which is a metal. Alloying changes the mechanical, chemical, and physical properties of the material. improved. Examples include stainless steel (iron + chromium + nickel), brass (copper + zinc), or hard metal (tungsten carbide + cobalt).

A gauge is a measuring device used to quickly check the dimensional accuracy or shape of a workpiece. It is often used in quality assurance and can have fixed dimensions (e.g., limit gauges for threads). or holes) or adjustable. Gauges enable go/no-go testing (pass/fail testing).

Gauge steel is a particularly high-alloy, hardened, and wear-resistant steel used for the manufacture of precision measuring tools and gauges. It is characterized by high dimensional accuracy, It is characterized by corrosion resistance and long service life and is used for gauge blocks, straight edges, limit gauges and test pins.

A magnetic stand is a flexible holder for dial indicators or dial test indicators that can be fixed to metallic surfaces using a strong magnetic base. Joints or fine adjustment mechanisms allow the The measuring device can be precisely positioned. It is often used for testing and measuring tasks in metalworking.

A ruler is a linear measuring tool for measuring length, usually with an engraved or printed scale in millimeters or inches. Rulers are available as steel rulers, glass rulers (e.g., in digital measuring systems). or plastic variants. In technology, the term is also used to reduce or enlarge drawings and models (e.g., scale 1:10).

Matt chrome plating refers to a surface finish in which a workpiece is coated with a fine, non-reflective layer of chrome. Advantages include glare-free reading (important for calipers or micrometers), Corrosion protection and high wear resistance.

The measuring range indicates the range within which a measuring instrument can measure reliably. For example, a 150 mm long caliper has a measuring range of 0–150 mm.

A measuring insert is an interchangeable element on a measuring instrument that is specially shaped for a specific measuring task.

The measuring surface is the part of a measuring instrument that comes into direct contact with the test object to perform a measurement. It must be precision ground, flat, and wear-resistant.

A surface plate is a precision-machined, flat surface that serves as a reference plane for measuring and testing purposes. It is made of materials such as hard rock (granite) and offers high dimensional stability and Low thermal expansion. Measuring plates are used, for example, in quality assurance and the calibration of measuring tools.

The caliper, also called a sliding calliper, is a versatile measuring tool for determining external, internal, and depth measurements. It consists of a fixed and a movable measuring jaw, as well as a scale with Vernier, a digital or analog display.

A measuring jaw is one of the two measuring surfaces of a caliper. It is used to measure external dimensions, internal dimensions, or step heights.

A measuring stand is a holder for the precise fixation of measuring instruments such as dial gauges or dial indicators.

A mechanical or digital measuring instrument for high-precision measurement of small dimensional deviations. It has a rotating scale with a pointer and is often used for concentricity testing, flatness control, or measuring Tolerances used.

The metric system of units is a decimal measurement system based on the meter (m). It is standardized worldwide and includes units such as:
Length: micrometer (µm), millimeter (mm), centimeter (cm), meter (m)
Mass: gram (g), kilogram (kg)
Volume: liter (L), cubic meter (m³)
Time: second (s), minute (min)

A micrometer (µm) is a unit of length equal to one thousandth of a millimeter (1 µm = 0.001 mm). It is used to measure extremely small structures and tolerances in precision metrology, microelectronics and materials research.

A microscope is an optical or digital device for magnifying and examining tiny structures. For more information, see "Stereomicroscope."

The MIN/MAX measurement is a function in digital measuring instruments (e.g. calipers, dial gauges or height gauges) that stores the smallest (MIN) and largest (MAX) measured value during a series of measurements.
MIN value: The smallest measured value.
MAX value: The largest measured value.
This function is used to detect fluctuations or to check components for height differences, flatness or concentricity.

A monoblock caliper is a caliper whose slide is made from a single piece of metal. Unlike multi-part or composite models, it offers greater stability and Durability because it has no moving or screwed components that could come loose.

The Newton (N) is the SI unit of force and is used in physics and engineering. It is defined as 1 N = 1 kg m/s². One Newton corresponds to the force required to accelerate a mass of 1 kg at 1 m/s². accelerate). In metrology, the unit Newton is often used for hardness tests, spring force measurements, or material testing. The holding force of magnetic stands is specified in kilograms (kg) or Newtons (N). 10 N = 1 kg.

The vernier scale is an auxiliary scale used on measuring instruments such as calipers or micrometers to achieve greater measuring accuracy. The vernier scale allows readings of values with high precision by it adds an additional decimal place to the main scale. For example, a caliper with a vernier scale has a main scale in millimeters and a vernier scale that allows measurements to be made to hundredths millimeters to determine.

The zero adjuster is a device used to set a measuring instrument to the zero value or to ensure that the instrument is correctly zeroed at the beginning of the measurement. Example: To set the tools to Zero or to determine the reference point of the machine spindle in the axial direction (Z-axis).

An objective lens is the lens unit of an optical measuring device (such as a microscope or telescope) that is responsible for magnifying and focusing the image. It collects and focuses Light rays to create a magnified image of the observed object. Objectives are typically available with different magnification powers, allowing for variable resolution.

The eyepiece is the lens through which the user looks in optical devices such as microscopes, telescopes, or binoculars. It serves to further magnify the image produced by the lens, allowing the user can clearly see the fine details of an object.

A parallax-free measuring device or optical system is one in which the image of the measuring object always remains sharp, regardless of where the observer holds the device or from what angle they view it. With a parallax-free measuring device, the measuring scale always remains consistent with the image, which guarantees greater measuring accuracy and user-friendliness.

Parallel supports are precisely machined surfaces or plates that serve as referenced supports for measurements. They have a high level of flatness and parallelism to enable precise comparisons or tolerance checks. They are often used in metrology to check, for example, the dimensional accuracy, flatness, or flatness of workpieces. They are usually made of steel.

Fit refers to the geometric relationship between a shaft and hub pair (e.g. an axle and a hole) that is taken into account in the manufacture of machines and components. It determines how well or The parts fit together poorly, thus affecting functionality and assembly. There are different types of fits:
Clearance fit: The shaft diameter is smaller than the hub diameter, creating a gap.
Transition fit: The fit can be either a clearance or an interference fit.
Press fit: The shaft diameter is larger than the hub diameter, which means the parts must be joined under pressure.

Preset refers to a preset measurement function on digital measuring instruments such as calipers or micrometers. This function defines a specific measurement value or tolerance limit for the measurement in advance. This function allows you to quickly detect deviations and automatically compare the measured value with the preset tolerances.

The term prismatic describes a geometric shape reminiscent of a prism, i.e. a body with rectangular sides. In metrology, "prismatic" often refers to prismatic parts or Tools such as prism screws or prism templates that are used for the precise positioning of workpieces or for the alignment of measuring instruments.

Prisms as clamping devices are workpieces or devices that serve to align and fix a workpiece prismatically. They are used to hold workpieces stable and precisely during machining or measurement. Position them so that accurate measurements or precise machining are possible. Prisms are usually made of (hardened) steel.

A profile projector is an optical measuring device that magnifies an image of a workpiece on a projection surface and thus checks precise shapes and profiles of components. The workpiece is projected through a light source and an optical lens, and the contours of the workpiece can be precisely checked using a measuring microscope or a linear measuring system. The profile projector is particularly suitable for shape and contour measurement in production and quality control.

Testing means checking the properties of a workpiece or product to determine whether it meets specified tolerances, standards, or requirements. Testing often involves a qualitative Assessment such as "good" or "no good" without specifying an exact measurement value. For example, a limit gauge only shows whether a measurement is within tolerance (go/no-go test) without specifying the exact to measure diameter.
Measuring, on the other hand, is the quantitative determination of a size (e.g., length, diameter, weight) using a measuring device. Measuring provides precise, numerical values that indicate exactly how large or small a certain measure.

A test sphere is a round reference sphere used in metrology to check measuring instruments or workpieces. It has a highly precise diameter and a flawless surface. are often used in coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), measuring microscopes or concentricity tests to test and ensure measurement accuracy and repeatability. It serves as a reference object for Calibration purposes.

A gauge pin is a cylindrical, high-precision inspection tool used to check bores or to determine dimensional deviations. Gauge pins are available in various diameters and Tolerances in the µm range.

The RAN measurement (RAN = Range) determines the difference between the MAX and MIN value of a measurement.
Formula: RAN = MAX - MIN.
This function is useful for concentricity checks, flatness measurements or tolerance checks.

A feeler ratchet is a mechanism integrated into some measuring instruments such as micrometers or micrometers to provide tactile feedback during measurement. The mechanism prevents excessive Pressure is exerted on the measuring object, thus contributing to the accuracy and safety of the measurement. When the feeler ratchet reaches maximum resistance, it signals to the user that the correct measurement has been taken. was detected without the risk of overloading or damaging the workpiece.

Perpendicularity describes the 90° angle between two planes or lines. This is checked, for example, using protractor tools.

A standard thread is a standard thread manufactured according to the general standards for thread forms. In the mechanical engineering industry, there are often fixed standard threads, such as the metric ISO thread, the Used for screws and bolts. Standard threads are designed to be universally applicable and standardized across various industries.

A scriber is a precision drawing tool used in measurement and manufacturing technology for scribing lines or markings on workpieces. The scriber has a fine, sharp tip that allows for clean and precise markings. It leaves marks on metal or other materials. It is often used to prepare workpieces before cutting or machining.

A ring light is a special lighting unit used in optics to ensure shadow-free and even illumination of an object. Ring lights are shaped like a circle or ring. and are particularly useful for illuminating work surfaces, test objects, or in microscopy to make details of objects more clearly visible. They are used in measuring instruments such as profile projectors, microscopes or cameras are used to obtain a precise view of the objects to be measured or inspected.

A pipe thread is a specific thread used to connect pipes or pipe fittings. It is designed to ensure a tight connection to prevent the leakage of liquids or To prevent gases. The pipe thread has a larger pitch and a special shape compared to conventional machine threads. There are different types of pipe threads, such as the ISO pipe thread (BSP) and the NPT thread (National Pipe Thread), which is used in different countries and applications.

A blind hole is a hole that does not go through the workpiece. It ends at a specific point in the workpiece instead of exiting on the opposite side. Blind holes are often Used for screw studs, seals, or shaft mounts where a deep, but not through hole is required. The depth and diameter of the blind hole often need to be precisely controlled. to ensure functionality.

A tactile measuring device with a spring-loaded stylus for quickly detecting dimensional deviations. It is used, for example, for contour measurements and in automated testing processes.

A vise is a tool used to clamp and hold a workpiece in place while it is being machined (e.g., grinding, milling, or drilling). Vises are usually mounted on a They are mounted on a workbench and have two jaws between which the workpiece is clamped. The chuck mechanism can be operated with a screw or a lever to securely hold the workpiece. Vices are available in many sizes and designs, depending on their intended use (e.g. for metalworking, woodworking or precision engineering).

The protection class (IP) is a number that describes the degree of protection of electrical devices against foreign bodies (e.g., dust) and moisture. It is determined according to the IP coding (International Protection) and consists of two digits:
The first digit indicates how well the device is protected against dust and the ingress of foreign objects. The second digit describes the protection against water and moisture. For example, IP65 means that the device is dustproof and protected against water jets.

A scale is a linear or graduated representation used to read a measurement or quantify a quantity. Scales are often found on measuring instruments such as calipers, micrometers, or rulers. They can be divided into different units (e.g., millimeters, inches) and help to determine precise measurements. Scales can be analogue (e.g., with lines and numbers) or digital (e.g., on a Display).

The scale division refers to the distance between the individual reading points or markings on a scale. It indicates how fine or coarse the measurement can be. A finer scale division enables more accurate measurements as the user can read smaller distances.

A custom-made caliper for special measuring tasks, for example with special measuring jaws, extended measuring surfaces or different scales.

The pitch of a thread is the distance between two adjacent threads, measured along the thread axis. It describes how far the thread moves forward in one complete revolution. The pitch is often specified in millimeters or inches per revolution and is a crucial measure of the functionality and use of a thread, as it determines how quickly the connected Move components during rotation.

A stereo microscope is an optical microscope used for viewing objects at low to medium magnification (typically 10x to 100x). It provides three-dimensional (3D) Views of objects and is particularly useful for examining surface structures, investigating microstructures, or for applications in electronics manufacturing and biology. A stereo microscope has usually two optical channels for each eye, which enables stereoscopic perception.

The depth gauge on a caliper is a function that can be used to measure the depth of recesses, holes, or bores. Flat depth gauge: The flat depth gauge has a straight, flat tip and is suitable Good for measuring shallow recesses or slots. This version allows for precise measurements in shallow cavities or recesses where the measuring edge fits snugly. Round depth gauge: The round depth gauge has a round tip and is used for measuring round or cylindrical recesses or holes. The round shape ensures that the depth gauge fits better into round openings and enables more precise measurement.

A special caliper for determining depth measurements, for example, in holes, grooves, or recesses. It has an extended, narrow depth measuring rod that allows precise measurements even in narrow areas. enabled.

A micrometer screw for precise depth measurement, e.g., in holes, grooves, or recesses.

Tolerance refers to the permissible range within which the dimensions of a workpiece or component may deviate from a specified nominal dimension. Tolerances are important in manufacturing because they determine how precisely a component must be manufactured to fit into a larger system or to fit other components. Tolerances are often specified in positive and negative deviations, such as ±0.01 mm. The tighter the tolerance, the higher is the precision of the manufacturing process.

A trinocular is an extension of a microscope, especially a stereo microscope, which has three optical channels: two for observation through the eyes of the observer and another for the Connecting a camera or image capture device. This allows both direct visual observation and digital documentation of the observations to be carried out simultaneously. The trinocular is particularly useful for applications in science, medicine, industry or research where both visual inspection and image capture are required, such as Material analysis or production control.

A caliper with a dial indicator as a display instrument, instead of a classic vernier scale or digital display.

Magnification describes the ratio of the size of an object when viewed through an optical instrument (such as a microscope or binoculars) compared to the actual size of the object. Magnification is usually expressed as a number, such as 10x, which means the object appears ten times larger than it actually is. Magnification is important for visualizing fine details of an object, especially in microscopy, where high magnification and sharpness are important.

A company standard is an internal standard or specification of a company that applies to the manufacture of products or components within the company. It specifies how manufacturing tolerances, material qualities, Dimensions and processes must be designed to ensure consistent product quality and compatibility with other products of the company.

A robust caliper specifically designed for use in harsh workshop environments. It is often larger, more stable, and more resistant to dust, moisture, and mechanical stress.

The Whitworth thread (also called British Standard Thread) is a thread system developed in the 19th century by Joseph Whitworth in Great Britain. It was one of the first standardized Thread systems and is still used in English-speaking countries, especially for pipe connections and screws. The Whitworth thread has a thread cross-section with a sloped shape (so-called "file-like") and is specified in inch sizes. There are various variations of the Whitworth thread, such as the BSP (British Standard Pipe) thread for pipe connections.

Angle tools are used to accurately measure and check angles between two surfaces or edges. Read more about their application and accuracy classes here.

Central clamping is a technique or device in which a workpiece is fixed or clamped in the center (i.e., centrally). This method ensures that the workpiece is held evenly and stably. without warping during processing. The central clamping is used on measuring and magnetic stands to enable precise processing or measuring.

A compass is a tool for precisely marking distances or transferring measurements to workpieces. It consists of two arms, one of which has a point and the other a pencil or a It has a knurled tip. The compass is used to draw circles, measure distances, or mark parallel lines. In metrology or manufacturing, it is often used to determine the position of To precisely determine holes or cutouts or for marking work in the pre-processing of workpieces.

Inch is a unit of length in the imperial system of measurement. One inch equals 25.4 millimeters. This unit is mainly used in the USA, Great Britain, and other countries that use the imperial system. Inch is often used to specify lengths for screws and pipes, as well as for physical measurements. In metrology, millimeters are usually used, since the metric system is an international standard.